
Multi-coloured Saint Andrew’s cross spider (Argiope versicolor) male and female with stabilmentum. Photograph by Raymond JC Cannon taken in Chiang Dao, Thailand.
I have come across these Argiope orb-web spiders, a number of times, with their characteristic woven crosses on their webs. These ones photographed in northern Thailand, are either the Multi-coloured Saint Andrew’s cross spiders (Argiope versicolor), or the very similar to Garden cross spiders (Argiope pulchella); the two were once thought to be the same species and are impossible to separate in the field (Levi, 1983). Andrew’s Cross spiders (Argiope keyserlingi), which are found in Australia are also very similar and there are at least nine Argiope species in southeastern Asia (Malayan Peninsula, Burma, Thailand). All of these Argiope species have a narrow head, and very wide thoracic region (see below).

Multi-coloured Saint Andrew’s Cross Spider (Argiope versicolor) female settled on her web. Chiang Dao, Thailand. Photograph by Raymond JC Cannon taken in Chiang Dao, Thailand.
All Argiope spiders build web decorations – called stabilimenta – which are made of white aciniform silk (the same type that is used to wrap up prey items!). Web spiders such as this can manufacture up to seven different types of silks, each with different degrees of strength and extensibility, which are used in different parts of the web and for different functions (Eisoldt, et al., 2011). There are various theories regarding the purpose of the stabilmentum, including to attract prey, or distract predators, or perhaps even to warn flying birds of the presence of a web (to avoid having to mate it again!). The fact that the female lines up her legs against the four parts of the cross (see above) suggests to me that it is also a way of ‘hiding’, or at least reducing her visibility on the web, although the brightly coloured thorax does make her body rather apparent! The males are much smaller than the female (see below), but also adopt a similar X-shaped posture, with their legs held together in pairs, forming a cross! The one shown below has lost two of his legs (read on!).

Multi-coloured Saint Andrew’s Cross Spider (Argiope versicolor) male with only six legs. Larger female in the background. Photograph by Raymond JC Cannon taken in Chiang Dao, Thailand.

Australian St Andrew’s Cross spider (Argiope keyserlingi) small male and large female [By Summerdrought – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0]

Argiope sp. juvenile female stabilmentum. Photograph by Raymond JC Cannon taken in Doi-Sutep Pui NP, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Here is another image (below) of a complex, disc-like (discoid) stabilmentum, woven by a juvenile (?) Agriope spider from Tanzania, taken from the Wikipedia site on web decoration. Maybe they are more concerned with remaining hidden – behind the round stabilmentum – when small, than when mature? The stabilmentia get proportionately smaller, as both the spiders and their webs, get bigger (Seah, 2002). Also, the X-shaped stabilmentia are where mating occurs. They are sometimes called writing spiders because they make these incredible patterns; more like scribbling than writing though!

A stabilimentum made by an Argiope spider from Tanzania. [By Muhammad Mahdi Karim – Own work, GFDL 1.2]
Whilst I was taking these pictures, I noticed that the female captured a small weevil (see below, encircled in white).

Multi-coloured Saint Andrew’s cross spider (Argiope versicolor) male and female (with weevil). Photograph by Raymond JC Cannon taken in Chiang Dao, Thailand.
It did not take the female long to truss up the little beetle! These photographs (above and below) were taken less than a minute apart.

Multi-coloured Saint Andrew’s cross spider (Argiope versicolor) male and female (spinning silk around the captured weevil). Photograph by Raymond JC Cannon taken in Chiang Dao, Thailand.
Soon, the female was tucking into her little, wrapped-up snack (below).

Multi-coloured Saint Andrew’s cross spider (Argiope versicolor) male and female (with wrapped weevil). Photograph by Raymond JC Cannon taken in Chiang Dao, Thailand.
Wasp spiders, Argiope bruennichi, also make stabilmenta; I came across this one with a rather unimpressive stabilmentum in northern Spain (below). At first I thought that the upper part of the stabilmentum (above the spider) had become damaged, but a little Googling showed that stabilmenta of this sort – where only the pattern below the spider looks like an intended zig-zag, appear to be typical of this species. E.g. see here. There is a genetic basis to the production of stabilmenta, which differ considerably in terms of shape, size, and frequency of occurrence, between Argiope species, but all of these features are also affected by environmental conditions, especially the type and abundance of prey.
Perhaps the Garden Cross spiders (Argiope sp.) could teach our European Wasp spiders how to improve their knitting! I wonder how stabilmenta evolved? Did they start with one zig-zag, then add another and eventually hit upon the idea of a cross (where they can hide with their legs held together in pairs!)?

European wasp spider (Argiope bruennichi) with stabilmentum. Photograph by Raymond JC Cannon taken in Galicia, Spain.
References
Eisoldt, L., Smith, A., & Scheibel, T. (2011). Decoding the secrets of spider silk. Materials Today, 14(3), 80-86.
Elgar, M. A. (1991). Sexual cannibalism, size dimorphism, and courtship behavior in orb-weaving spiders (Araneidae). Evolution, 45(2), 444-448.
Kim KW, Kim K, Choe JC. 2012. Functional values of stabilimenta in a wasp spider, Argiope bruennichi: support for the prey-attraction hypothesis. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 66: 1569–1576.
Robinson, M. H., & Robinson, B. (1980). Comparative studies of the courtship and mating behavior of tropical araneid spiders. Comparative studies of the courtship and mating behavior of tropical araneid spiders., (36).
Seah, W. K., & Li, D. (2002). Stabilimentum variations in Argiope versicolor (Araneae: Araneidae) from Singapore. Journal of Zoology, 258(4), 531-540.
Great post Ray
I am always very impressed by the quality of your photographs as well as the content of your posts
Thank you Simon!😁
Pingback: Pick & Mix 39 – conservation, trophy hunting, palm oil, Charles Darwin, kale and much more | Don't Forget the Roundabouts